LINER SHIPPING COLLABORATIONS AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RELATED COMPETITION LEGISLATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III ABSTRACT VII CONTENTS IX ABBREVIATIONS XIII LIST OF TABLES XV INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE COMPETITION AND COLLABORATIONS IN THE LINER SHIPPING 4 COMPETITION TYPOLOGIES IN ECONOMICS 5 The Classical Theory of Competition 5 Invisible Hand 6 Comparative Advantage 7 The Capitalist Competition 8 Neo-Classical Theory of Competition 9 Selfishness and Competition 9 The Failure of Laissez Faire 11 COMPETITION AND COLLABORATION TYPOLOGIES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 12 Competition Typologies in Strategic Management Discipline 12 Strategic Planning Period 14 Positioning School 18 Resource Based View 24 Collaboration Strategy Typologies in Strategic Management Discipline 25 Strategic Alliances 27 Merger & Acquisition 29 Joint Ventures 30 COMPETITION AND COLLABORATIONS IN THE LINER SHIPPING INDUSRTY 32 General Characteristics of Shipping Industry 32 Liner Shipping Industry Structure 35 Cargoes in Liner Shipping 36 Liner Ships and Main Routes 37 Collaboration Strategies of Liner Shipping 41 Conference System 41 Strategic Alliances 43 Mergers and Acquisitions 52 Joint Ventures 56 CHAPTER TWO COMPETITION REGULATIONS GOVERNINS COLLABORATIONS 58 CARTEL REGULATIONS 59 United States Legislation 63 Sherman Act, 1890 64 Clayton Act, 1914 71 Robinson-Patman Act, 1936 72 European Union Legislation 74 ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 89 The United States Legislation 89 Relevant Market 90 Conduct-Abuse 93 European Union Legislation 96 Relevant Market 97 Abuse-Conduct 104 HORIZONTAL MERGERS 112 The United States Legislation 113 European Union Legislation 122 HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION GUIDELINES 135 CHAPTER THREE THE PLACE OF LINER SHIPPING COLLABORATIONS IN THE COMPETITION REGULATIONS 138 THE UNITED STATES REGULATIONS 140 The Shipping Act Of 1916 142 The Shipping Act Of 1984 146 Ocean Shipping Reform Act 1998 150 EUROPEAN UNION REGULATIONS 154 Regulation 954/79 156 3.2.2. Regulation 4056/86     158 3.2.3. Regulation 1419/2006 162 3.2.4. 2008 Maritime Guidelines          163 3.2.5. Regulation 906/2009   165 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE US AND EU REGULATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF PRIMARY JUDGMENTS OF LINER SHIPPING AND A GUIDE FOR TURKEY 167 Primary Judgments 168 The Hamburg Line Case 168 The Isbrandtsen Case 169 Trans-Atlantic Conference Case 172 The Cewal Case 174 The Çanakkale Strait Cases 176 A Guide For Turkey 179 CONCLUSION 187 REFERENCES 197