Protection of Foreign Well-Known Trademark A Comparison Between Türkiye and China

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ III PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... VII TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ XI ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... XIII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XV INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 Chapter One Overview of Well-Known Trademark 1. Concept of Trademark .............................................................................................. 13 1.1. Definition of Trademark ................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Signs That Can Be Registered .................................................................. 13 1.1.2 Signs That Cannot Be Registered .............................................................. 15 1.1.3. Distinctiveness .......................................................................................... 16 1.1.4. Method of Protection ................................................................................ 19 1.1.5. Translation ................................................................................................ 20 1.2. International Frameworks ................................................................................. 21 1.3. Historical Background ...................................................................................... 22 1.3.1. Evolution of Trademark Protection in China ............................................ 22 1.3.2. Evolution of Trademark Protection in Türkiye ......................................... 25 2. Definition of Well-Known Trademarks: Legislation and Judicial Practice .............. 25 2.1. Definition in China ........................................................................................... 25 2.2. Definition in Türkiye ........................................................................................ 27 2.3. Comparison of Definition in Both Countries .................................................... 29 2.3.1. Similarities ................................................................................................ 29 2.3.2. Differences ................................................................................................ 30 2.3.3. Implications .............................................................................................. 31 3. Characteristics of Well-Known Trademark .............................................................. 32 3.1. Fame Standard .................................................................................................. 32 3.1.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 32 3.1.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 33 3.1.3. Comparison of Fame Standard in Both Countries .................................... 34 3.1.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 34 3.1.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 35 3.1.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 35 3.2. Scope Standard ................................................................................................. 36 3.2.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 36 3.2.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 37 3.2.3. Comparison of Scope Standard in Both Countries .................................... 37 3.2.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 37 3.2.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 38 3.2.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 39 3.3. Value Standard ................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 40 3.3.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 40 3.3.3. Comparison of Value Standard in Both Countries .................................... 41 3.3.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 41 3.3.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 41 3.3.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 42 Chapter Two Determination of Well-Known Trademark 1. Determination Concept ............................................................................................. 43 2. Determination of Well-Known Trademarks in China .............................................. 45 2.1. Determination by Administrative Process ........................................................ 46 2.2. Determination by Judicial Process .................................................................... 48 3. Determination of Well-Known Trademarks in Türkiye ........................................... 51 3.1. Determination by Administrative Process ........................................................ 51 3.2. Determination by Judicial Process .................................................................... 54 4. Comparison of Two Legal Systems.......................................................................... 59 4.1. Similarities ........................................................................................................ 59 4.2. Differences ....................................................................................................... 60 4.3. Implications ...................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Three Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademark 1. Registration of Foreign Trademark .......................................................................... 65 1.1. National- International Application .................................................................. 66 1.2. Trademark Application Examination ................................................................ 69 1.3. Trademark Application Opposition .................................................................. 70 2. Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in China .................................................................................................. 72 2.1. Protection in Terms of Trademark Law ............................................................ 72 2.1.1. Non-use of the Trademark in Bad Faith .................................................... 74 2.1.2. Trademark Piracy ...................................................................................... 75 2.1.3. Counterfeiting ........................................................................................... 76 2.1.4. Trademarking Usage: Enterprise Name .................................................... 77 2.1.5. As a Defense: Fair-use .............................................................................. 77 2.2. Administrative Regulations .............................................................................. 78 2.3. Criminal Law of China ..................................................................................... 79 3. Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademarks in Türkiye ............................................................................................. 81 3.1. Protection in Terms of Trademark Law ............................................................ 81 3.1.1. Non-use of the Trademark in Bad Faith .................................................... 82 3.1.2. Trademark Piracy ...................................................................................... 82 3.1.3. Counterfeiting ........................................................................................... 84 3.1.4. Trademarking Usage: Enterprise Name .................................................... 85 3.1.5. As a Defense: Fair-use .............................................................................. 86 3.2. Administrative Regulations .............................................................................. 87 3.3. Criminal Law of Türkiye .................................................................................. 88 4. Comparison of Two Legal Systems.......................................................................... 90 4.1. Similarities ........................................................................................................ 90 4.2. Differences ....................................................................................................... 94 4.3. Implications ...................................................................................................... 97 Chapter Four Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark 1. The Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in China .......... 101 1.1. Priority Rights................................................................................................. 104 1.2. Trademark Squatting ...................................................................................... 105 1.3. Trademark Dilution ........................................................................................ 106 1.4. Domain Name Grabbing ................................................................................. 107 2. The Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in Türkiye ............................................................................................. 108 2.1. Priority Rights................................................................................................. 110 2.2. Trademark Squatting ...................................................................................... 110 2.3. Trademark Dilution ........................................................................................ 112 2.4. Domain Name Grabbing ................................................................................. 113 3. Comparison of Two Legal Systems........................................................................ 114 3.1. Similarities ...................................................................................................... 114 3.2. Differences ..................................................................................................... 116 3.3. Implications .................................................................................................... 118 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 123 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 127